Since the abolition of slavery, racism and bigotry have generally had to manifest themselves in less blatant forms in America.

The cannabis prohibition laws illustrate again this institutional intolerance of racial minorities and show how prejudice is concealed behind rhetoric and laws which seem to have an entirely different purpose.

The first known smoking of female cannabis tops in the western hemisphere was probably in the 1870s in the West Indies (Jamaica, Bahamas, Barbados, etc.); and arrived with the immigration of thousands of Indian Hindus (from British-controlled India) imported for cheap labor. By 1886, Mexicans and black sailors, who traded in those islands, picked up and spread its use throughout all the West Indies and Mexico.

Cannabis smoking was generally used in the West Indies to ease the back-breaking work in the cane fields, beat the heat, and to relax in the evenings without the threat of an alcohol hangover in the morning.

Given its late 19th Century area of usage - the Caribbean West Indies and Mexico - it is not surprising the first marijuana use recorded in the U.S. was by Mexicans in Brownsville, Texas in 1903. And the first marijuana prohibition law in America - pertaining only to Mexicans - was passed in Brownsville in that same year.

"Ganja" use was next reported in 1909 in the port of New Orleans, in the black dominated "Storeyville" section frequented by sailors.

New Orleans' Storeyville was filled with cabarets, brothels, music, and all the other usual accouterments of "red light" districts the world over. Sailors from the islands took their shore leave and their marijuana there.

The Public Safety Commissioners of New Orleans wrote that, "marijuana was the most frightening and vicious drug ever to hit New Orleans," and in 1910 warned that regular users might number as high as 200 in Storeyville alone.

To the DA and Public Safety Commissioners, and New Orleans newspapers from 1910 through the 1930s, marijuana's insidious evil influence apparently manifested itself in making the "darkies" think they were as good as "white men."

In fact, marijuana was being blamed for the first refusals of black entertainers to wear blackface and for hysterical laughter by "negroes" under marijuana's influence when told to cross a street or go to the back of the trolley, etc. That's right, your eyes have not deceived you. Because of a curious quirk in the "Jim Crow" (segregation) laws, black Americans were banned from any stage in the Deep South (and most other places in the North and West also). Through the 1920s, "Negroes" had to wear blackface (like Al Jolson wore when he sang "Swanee") - a dye which white entertainers wore to resemble or mimic black people. Actually, by "Jim Crow" law, blacks were not allowed on the stage at all, but because of their talent were allowed to sneak through the back doors, put on blackface, and pretend to be a white person playing the part of a black person.

In New Orleans, whites were also concerned that black musicians, rumored to smoke marijuana, were spreading (selling) a very powerful (and popular) new "voodoo" music that forced even decent white women to tap their feet and was ultimately aimed at throwing off the yoke of the whites. Today we call that new music jazz!

Blacks obviously played upon the white New Orleans raciscts' fears of "voodoo" to try to keep whites out of their lives. Jazz's birthplace is generally recognized to be in Storeyville, New Orleans, and home of the original innovators: Buddy Bohler, Buck Johnson and others (1909-1917). Storeybille was also the birthplace of Louis Armstrong. In 1930, one year after he recorded "Muggles" (meaning marijuana), he was arrested for a marijuana cigarette in Los Angeles and put in jail for 10 days until he agreed to leave California and not return for two years.

American newspapers, politicians, and police had virtually no idea, for all these years (until the 1920s, and then only rarely), that the marijuana the "darkies" and "Chicanos" were smoking in cigarettes or pipes was just a weaker version of the many familiar concentrated cannabis medicines they'd been taking since childhood, or that the same drug was smoked legally at the local "white man's" plush hashish parlors.

White raciscts wrote articles and passed city and state "marijuana" laws without this knowledge for almost two decades, chiefly because of "Negro/Mexican" vicious "insolence" under the effect of marijuana.

Between 1884 and 1900, 3,500 documented deaths of black Americans were caused by lynchings; between 1900 and 1917, over 1,100 were recorded. The real figures were undoubtedly higher. It is estimated that one-third of these lynchings were for "insolence," which might be anything from looking (or being accused of looking) at a white woman twice, to stepping on a white man's shadow, even to looking a white man directly in the eye for more than three seconds; for not going directly to the back of the trolley, and other "offenses."

It was obvious to whites, marijauan caused "Negro" and Mexican "viciousness" or they wouldn't dare be "insolent"; etc.

Hundreds of thousands of "Negroes" and Chicanos were sentenced from 10 days to 10 years mostly on local and state "chain gangs" for such silly crimes as we have just listed.

This was the nature of "Jim Crow" Laws until the 1950s and '60s; the laws Martin Luther King, the NAACP, and general public outcry have finally begun remedying in America.

We can only image the immediate effect the black entertainer's refusal to wear blackface had on the white establishment, but seven years later, 1917, Storeyville was completely shut down. Apartheid had its moment of trimuph.

No longer did the upright, uptight, white citizens have to worry about white women going to Storeyville to listen to "voodoo" jazz or perhaps be raped by its marijuana crazed "black adherents." 

Black musicians then took their music and marijuana up the Mississippi to Memphis, Kansas City, St. Louis, Chicago, etc., where the (white) city fathers, for the same racist reasons, soon passed local marijuana laws to stop "evil" music and keep white women from falling prey to blacks through jazz and marijuana.

In 1915, California and Utah passed state laws outlawing marijuana for the same "Jim Crow" reasons - but directed through the Hearst papers at Chicanos.

Colorado followed in 1917. Its legislators cited excesses of Pancho Villa's rebel army, whose drug of choice was supposed to have been marijuana. (If true, this means that marijuana helped to overthrow one of the most repressive, evil regimes Mexico ever suffered.)

The Colorado Legislature felt the only way to prevent an actual racial blood bath and the overthrow of their (whites') ignorant and bigoted laws, attitudes and institutions was to stop marijuana.

Mexicans under marijuana's influence were demanding humane treatment, looking at white women, and asking that their children be educated while the parents harvested sugar beets; and making other "insolent" demands. With the excuse of marijuana (Killer Weed) the whites could now use force and rationalize their violent acts of repression.

This "reefer racism" continues into the present day. In 1937, Harry Anslinger told Congress that there were between 50,000 to 100,000 marijuana smokers in the U.S., mostly "Negroes and Mexicans, and entertainers," and their music, jazz and swing, was an outgrowth of this  marijuana use. He insisted this "satantic" music and the use of marijuana caused white women to "seek sexual relations with Negroes!"

In 1911, South Africa began the outlawing of marijuana for the same reasons as New Orleans: to stop insolent blacks! White South Africa, along with Egypt, led the international fight (League of Nations) to have cannabis outlawed worldwide. 

In fact, in that same year, South Africa influenced southern U.S. legislators to outlaw cannabis (which many black South Africans revered as "dagga," their sacred herb). Many South Africans' American business headquarters were in New Orleans at the time.

This is the whole racial and religious (Medieval Catholic Church) basis out of which our laws against hemp arose.

Fourteen million years so far have been spent in jails, prisons, parole and on probation by Americans for this absurd racist (and probably economic) reasoning.

Isn't it interesting that in 1985 the U.S. incarcerated a larger percentage of people than any country in the world except South Africa? In 1989 the U.S. surpassed South Africa, and the 1997 incarceration rate is almost four times that of South Africa, is the highest in the world and growing.

President Bush, in his great drug policy speech of September 5, 1989, promised to double the federal prison population again after it had already doubled under Reagan. He succeeded. In 1993, President Bill Clinton planned to redouble the number of prisoners again by 1996. He did.

Remember the outcry in 1979 when former UN Ambassador Andrew Young told the world that the U.S. had more policitical prisoners than any other nation?

Even though blackface disappeared as law in the late 1920s, as late as the 1960s, black entertainers (such as Harry Belafonte and Sammy Davis, Jr.) still had to go in the back door of theatrical establishments, bars, etc., by law!

They couldn't rent a hotel room in Las Vegas or Miami Beach - even while being the headline act.

Ben Vereen's 1981 Presidential  Inauguration performance for Ronald Reagan presented this country's turn-of-the-century Blackface/Jim Crow Laws in a great story, about comic genius Bert Williams (circa 1980 to 1920).

Vereen had been invited to perform for the Reagan Inauguration and had accepted only on the condition that he could tell the entire "Blackface" story - but the whole first half of Vereen's show, depicting Bert Williams and blackface, was censored by Reagan's people on ABC TV, contrary to the special agreement Vereen had with them.